ER drugs

Commonly Asked Emergency Drugs

Emergency Drug
Initial Dose
Indications
Adenosine
6 mg

Atropine sulfate
0.5 – 1 mg.q 3-5 min
Bradycardia
Epinephrine
1 mg.q 3-5 min
Cardiac arrest
Lasix
0.5-1 mg/kg
Pulmonary edema
Lidocaine
1-1.5 mg/kg
Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular tachycardia
Magnesium sulfate
1-2 g
Ventricular tachycardia r/t hypomagnesemia
Morphine Sulfate
1-3 mg
Chest pain, pulmonary edema
Narcan
0.02-2mg
Narcotic – respiratory depression
Nitroglycerine
0.4 mg SL
Chest pain, pulmonary edema
Vasopressin
40 units
Cardiac arrest

Antidotes
Agents
Antidotes
Acetaminophen
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
Anticholinesterase
Atropine So4
Anticholinergics
Physostigmine
Benzodiazepines
Flumazenil
Coumadine
Vitamin K
Cyanide
Sodium nitrate
Digoxin
Digoxin immune fab (Digibind)
Dopamine
Phentolamine
Heparin
Protamine sulfate
Iron
Deferoxamine
Lead
Dimercaprol, edetate disodium and succimer
Magnesium Sulfate
Calcium gluconate
Narcotics
Naloxone

Drug Name Endings: What they can suggest you!!!

Endings class
*cain
Local anesthetics
*cillin
Antibiotics
*dine
Antiulcer agent
*done
Opiod analgesics
*ide
Oral hypoglycemics
*lam/
*pam

Antianxiety
*micin/
*mycin

Antibiotics
*mine/
*zide

Diuretics
*olol
Beta blockers
*pril
ACE inhibitors
*sone
Steroids
FREQUENTLY ASKED MEDICATIONS

Drugs Trade /(generics)
Classification
Desired Effects
Best Time to be Taken
Other Considerations
1
Aminophylline (theophylline)
Bronchodilator
To case breathing
AM / empty stomach
· No smoking
· No caffeine
· Check heart rate
2
Amphogel (aluminum hydroxide)
Antacid
âphosphate level
Between meals and HS
· Give with glass of water
· Report melena
3
Antabuse (disulfiram)
Antialcoholic agent
Avoidance of alcohol
After 12 hrs. stoppage from alcohol
· No alcohol in any means
4
Aspirin (ASA)
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-pyretic
Analgesic
â temperature
â pain and inflammation
Full stomach
· Check for bleeding tendencies
· Syrup of inpecae in case of overdose
5
Atropine SO4
Anticholinergic and Vagolytic
á heart rate and decrease secretion s
30 PC
· Observe facial flushing
· Avoid hot environment
6
Bacterium (cotrimoxazole)
Antibiotic
(-) infection
PC
· Reddish urine
· Rashes
· Assess for signs of nephrotoxicity
7
Benadryl (diphenhydramine hcl)
Antihistamine
Anti – EPS
(-) allergy
(-) movement syndrome
Best taken with food
· Avoid alcohol

8
Celestone (betamethazone)
Steroids
ârespiratory distress in newborn
Best taken with food
· Monitor weight

9
Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide)
Antineoplastic
âsize of tumor
AM
· Increase fluids
· Monitor CBC
10
Diabinase (chlorpropaminde)
Antidiabetic agent
Normal glucose range
AM
· Monitor for hypoglycemia
11
Diamox
(acetazolamide)
Antiglaucoma antidiuretics
â urine output
â vertigo
AM with meals
· Photosensitivity
12
Digoxin (lanoxin)
Cardiac glycoside
Normal heart rate
AM
· Assess pulse rate
· Monitor serum K
13
Dilantin (phenytoin)
Anti-convulsant
(-) seizure
Best taken with food
· Taper dosage
14
Diuril (chlorothiazide)
Diuretics
á urine output
Best taken with food
· Report weakness in the extremities
· Increase K in the diet
15
Epinephrine
Bronchodilator
á heart rate
AM
· Don’t operate machineries and drive automobile
· Assess for increase pulse
16
Flagyl (metronidazole)
Antihelmintic
(-) helminth
Best taken with food
· Avoid alcohol
· Not to give with antabuse
· Tetratogenic
17
Haldol (haloperidol)
Antipsychotic
á (+) symptoms of psychosis
AC
· Assess BP
· Photosensitivity
18
Kayexalate
Promote excretions of K
â serum K

· May cause constipation
· Monitor serum potassium
19
Lasix (furosemide)
Diuretic
á urine output
AM
· Increase intake of food rich in K
20
Lithane (LiCO3)
Antimanic
â hyperactivity
PC
· Monitor lithium toxicity
· Decrease activity
21
Lovenox (mevacor)
Antithrombotic
(-) thrombosis

· Soft bristle toothbrush
· No razor
· Keep protamine SO4
22
Magnesium SO4
Anticonvulsant
(-) convulsion

· Assess DTR and PR
· Antidote is Calcium gluconate
23
Mastinon (pyridostigmine)
Cholinesterase inhibitor
á muscle strength
PC
· Monitor for muscle weakness
· Antidote is atropine SO4
24
Mathergine (methylergonovine maleate)
Oxytocic for post partum atony
Firmly contracted uterus

· Monitor BP
· Report dyspnea
25
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Antidepressant
Improved sleeping pattern
PC
· No tyramine rich food
· Assess for hypertensive crisis
· Monitor BP
26
Nitroglycerin
Antiangina
(-) chest pain
Best taken before any strenuous activity
· Taken SL; don’t chew
· Keep tablets in dark container
27
Pancrease (pancreatin)
Pancreatic enzyme
(-) fat in the stool
Between meal and snacks
· Preparation is enteric coated, don’t show
· Observe for diarrhea
28
Phenergan (promethazine hyrochloride)
Antihistamine
(-) allergy
Empty stomach
· Antidote is epinephrine
29
Reserpine (serpasil)
Antihypertensive
â BP
Best taken with meals
· No sudden change of position
· Monitor BP and PR
30
Ritalin (methylphenidate)
Stimulant
â hyperactivity
AM / PC
· Monitor growth and development
31
Robaxin (methocarbamol)
Skeletal muscle relaxant
(-) muscle spasm
AM
· No alcohol
· Antidote : Epinephrine
32
Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium)
Thyroid hormone supplement
Normal T4 level
AM
· Monitor BP and PR
33
Tagamet (cimetidine)
Antiacidity
(-) heartburn
Best taken with food
· Avoid smoking
34
Thorazine (chlorpromazine hcl)
Antipsychotic
(-) positive signs of psychosis
PC
· Photosensitivity
· Monitor BP
35
Valium (diazepam)
Antianxiety
(-) anxiety
AC
· No alcohol, caffeine
36
Xylocaine (lidocaine)
Antiarrythmic
Normal heart rate

· Monitor for toxicity – convulsion
· S / E : tinnitus
37
Zyloprim (allopurinol)
Antigout
â uric acid
Best taken with food
· Increase fluid intake, restrict vit. C









Common Tubes



Table or Apparatus
Purpose
Examples of Use
Key points
Miller-Abbott tube
Longer than Levin tube; has mercury of air in bags so tube can be used to decompress the lower intestinal tract
1. Small-bowel obstructions
2. Intussusception
3. Volvulus
1. Care similar to that Levin NG tube irrigated.
2. connected to suction, not sterile technique
3. orders will be written on how to advance the tube gently pushing tube a few inches each hour, patient position may affect advancement of tube
4. X-rays determine the desired location of tube
Cantor Tube
To drain bile from the common bile duct until edema has subscribed
Cholecystectomy when a common duct exploration (CDE) or choledochostomy was also done
1. Bile drainage is influenced by position of the drainage bag.
2. Clamp tubes as ordered to see if bile will flow into duodenum, normally.
T-tube
A type of closed-wound drainage connected to suction-used to drain, a large amount of serosanguineous drainage from under an incision
1. Mastectomy
2. Total hip procedure
3. Total knee procedure
1. May compress unit, and have portable vacuum or connect to wall suction.
2. Small drainage tube may get clogged physician may irrigate these at times
Hemovac
A method of closed wound suction drainage indicate when tissue displacement and tissue trauma may occur with rigid drain tubes (e.g Hemovac)
1. Neurosurgery
2. Neck surgery
3. Mastectomy
4. Total knee and hip replacement
5. Abdominal surgery
6. Urological procedure
Empty reservoir when full, to prevent loss of wound drainage and back contamination
Jackson-Pratt
See Hemovac
See Hemovac
See Hemovac
Three-way Foley
To provide avenues for constant irrigation and constant drainage of urinary bladder
1. Transurethral resection (TUR)
2. Bladder infection
Watch for blocking by clots causes bladder spasms
Irrigant solution often has antibiotic added to normal salin or sterile water
Sterile water rather than normal saline may be used for lysis of clots
Suprapubic catheter
To drain bladder via an opening through the abdominal wall above the pubic bone
Suprapubic prostatectomy
May have orders to irrigate prn or continuously
Ureteral catheter
To drain urine feom the pelvis of one kidney, or for splinting ureter
1. Cystoscopy for diagnostic workups
2. Ureteral surgery
3. Pyelotomy
Never clamp the tube-pelvis of kidney only holds 4-8 mL
Use only 5 mL sterile normal saline if ordered to irrigate

Common Diagnostics Procedures

Noninvasive Diagnostic Procedures

Characteristics:
1. it provides an indirect assessment of organ size, shape, and / or function
2. it is safe
3. it is easily reproducible
4. it requires less complex equipment for recording
5. it does not require the written consent of patient or guardian

General Nursing Tasks:
1. Decrease patients anxieties and offer support by
a. Explain purpose and procedure of test
b. Acknowledge questions regarding safety of the procedure
c. Remain with the patient while the procedure is going on
2. Use procedure in the collection of specimens that avoids contamination

A. Graphic studies of Heart and brain
Electrocardiogram (ECG) – graphic record of electrical activity generated by the heart during depolarization and repolarazation.
- diagnose abnormal cardiac rhythms and coronary heart disease


Echocardiography (ultrasound cadiography) – graphic record of motions produced by cardiac structure as high-frequency sound vibrations are echoed though chest wall into the heart.
- used to demonstrate valvular or other structural deformities, detect pericardial effudion, diagnose tumors and cardiomegaly, evaluate prosthetic valve function.

Electroencephalogram (ECG) – graphic record of the electrical potentials generated by the physiological activity of the brain
- used to detect surface lesions or tumors of the brain and presence of epilepsy.

Echoencephalogram – beam of ultrasound is passed though the head, and returning echoes are graphically recorded.
- used to detect subdural hematomas, intracerebral hemorrhage, or tumors.

B. Roentgenological studies (X-ray)

Chest – used to determine size, contour of the heart; size, location, and nature of pulmonary lesions: pleural thickening and effusions: pulmonary vasculature: disorder of thoracic ones and soft tissues.
- used lead shield to protect pregnant woman

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) – used to determine size, shape, and position of kidney, ureter and bladder
- No special consideration
Breast (Mammography) – examination of the breast with or without the injection of the radiopaque substance into the duct of mammary gland.
- used to determined the presence of tumor or cyst (best done a week after menstruation)
- no deodorant, perfume, powder, or ointment in underarm area on the day of X-ray (contains Calcium oxalate)
- May be uncomfortable due to the pressure on the breast. (uses two x-ray plates)


C. Roentgenological studies (FLUOROSCOPY) – requires the ingestion or injection of a contrast medium to visualize the target organ.

Additional Nursing Task:
a. Administration of enemies or cathartics before the procedure and laxative after.
b. Keeping the patient NPO 6-12 hours before examination
c. Ascertain patient’s allergy and allergic reactions
d. Observing for allergic reactions to contrast medium
e. Providing fluid and food after procedure to prevent dehydration
f. Observe stool for color and consistency until barium passes

Upper GI (Barium swallow) – ingestion of barium sulfate or meglumine diatrizoate (Gastrografin [white and chalky substance], followed by fluoroscopic and x-ray examination)
- used to determine patency and caliber of the esophagus and to detect esophageal varices, mobility of gastric wall, presence of ulcer, filling defects due to tumor, patency of pyloric valve and presence of structural abnormalities
Lower GI (Barium Enema) – rectal instillation of barium sulfate followed by glouroscopic and x-ray examination
- used to determine contour and mobility of colon and presence of any space-occupying tumors. Perform before upper GI

Patients preparations:
- no food after evening meal the evening before the test
- stool softener laxatives and enema suppositories to cleanse the bowel before the test
- NPO after midnight before the test

After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest
- laxatives for at least two days or until stools are normal in color and consistency

Cholecystogram – ingestion of organic iodine contrast medium (Telepaque) followed in 12 hour by x-ray visualization
- gallbladder disease is indicated with poor or no visualization of the bladder
- accurate only if GI and liver function is intact
- perform before barium swallow and barium enema

Patients preparations:
- administer large amount of water with contrast capsule
- low-fat meal before evening before x-ray
- oral laxative of stool softener after meal
- no food allowed after contrast capsule

After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest
- observe for any untoward reactions


Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) – injection of a radiopaque contrast medium in the vein of the client to visualize ureter, bladder and kidney

Patients preparations:
- Laxative in the evening before the examination
- NPO for 12 hours
- Cleaning enema morning of the procedure

After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest;
- observe for any untoward reactions

D. Computed Tomography (CT) – an x-ray beam sweeps around the body, allowing measuring of various tissue densities. Provides clear radiographic deficition of structures that are not visible by other techniques.
- initial scan may be followed by “contrast enhancement” using an injection of contrast agent iodine via vein, followed by a repeat scan.

Patients preparations:
- instructions for eating before test vary
- clear liquids up to 2 hours before the procedure are permitted

E. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – noninvasive technique that produces cross sectional images by exposure to magnetic energy sources. It uses no contrast medium; takes 30-0 minutes to complete. Patient may still for periods of 5-20 minutes at a time.

Patients preparations:
- patient can take food and medications except for low abdominal and pelvic studies (food and fluid withheld) 4-6 hr to decrease peristalsis)
- Restrictions
a. those who have metal implants
b. those with permanent pacemakers
c. those who are pregnant

F. Ultrasound (sonogram) – uses sound waves to diagnose disorders of the thyroid, kidney, liver, uterus, gallbladder, fetus and intracranial structures of the neonate.

Patients preparations:
- advise client not to chew gum or smoke before the procedure
- no x-ray
- for gallbladder studies; NPO for 8 hours
- for lower abdomen and uterus ; 32 ounces of water PO 30 minutes before the procedure

G. Pulmonary function studies
Ventilatory studies – use of incentive spirometer to determine how well the lung is ventilating.

Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount of air that can be expelled after maximal inspiration

Normal = 4000 – 5000 mL.
Decrease = indicate lung disease
Increase or decrease = indicate chronic obstructive lung disease

Forced expiratory volume (FEV) – percentage of vital capacity that can be forcibly expired in 1, 2, or 3 seconds.

Normal = 80 – 83% in 1 sec
90 – 94% in 2 sec
95 – 97% in 3 sec

decrease = indicate expiratory airway obstruction

H. Sputum Studies

Gross sputum evaluations – collection of sputum samples to ascertain quantity, consistency, color and odor
Sputum smear – sputum is smeared thinly on a slide so that it can be studied microscopically.
- used to determine cytological changes or presence of pathogenic microorganism
Sputum culture – sputum samples are implanted or inoculated into special media.
- used to diagnosed pulmonary infection

I. Examination of the gastric contents

Gastric analysis – aspiration of the contents of the fasting stomach analysis of free and total acid

Gastric acidity increase : duodenal ulcer
Gastric acidity decrease : pernicious anemia an cancer of the stomach

J. Doppler ultrasound – measures blood flow in the major veins and arteries. The transducer of the test instrument is placed on the skin, sending ultra-high-frequency sound.
- sound varies with respiration and valsalva maneuver
- no discomfort to the patient.
K. Glucose Testing – to detect disorder of glucose metabolism, such as diabetes.

Fasting blood sugar (FBS) – blood sample is drawn after a 12 fast (usually midnight). Water is allowed.

Normal blood glucose ; 60 – 120 mg/dL
Diabetic patient = 126 mg/dL

2 hr postprandial (PPBS) – blood is taken after meal

Patients preparations:
- offer a high-carbohydrate diet for 2-4 days before testing
- patient fast overnight
- eats a high-carbohydrate breakfast
- blood sample is drawn 2 hr interval
- no cigarette smoking and caffeine for these may increase glucose level




Common Diagnostics Procedures

Invasive Diagnostics Procedures

Characteristics:
it directly records the size, shape and function of an organ;
it requires the written consent of the patient or guardian;
it may result in morbidity and occasionally death.

General Nursing Task:
Before procedure:
have patient sing permit to procedure
ascertain and repot any patient history of allergy or allergic reaction
explain procedure briefly and accurately
explain that contrast medium might cause flushing or warm feeling
keep patient NPO 6-12 hour before procedure if anesthesia is to be used
allow patient to verbalize concerns
administer preprocedure sedatives, as ordered
if procedure done at bed side:
- remain with patient and offer reassurance
- assist with optimal positioning of patient
- observe for indication of complications – shock, pain and dyspnea

After procedure:
observe and record vital signs
check injection or biopsy sites for bleeding, infection, tenderness, or thrombosis
· report untoward reaction to the physician
· apply warm compress to ease discomfort, as ordered
if tropical anesthesia is used during procedure, do not give food or fluid until gag reflex returns
encourage relaxation by allowing patient to discuss experience and verbalize feelings.

A. Procedures to evaluate the cardiovascular system
1. Angiography – intravenous injection of radiopaque solution or contrast for the purpose of studying its circulation through the patient’s heart, lungs and great vessels.
- Used to check the competency of the heart valves, diagnose congenital septal defects, study heart function and structure before cardiac surgery, detect occlusions of coronary arteries.
2. Cardiac catheterization – insertion of a radiopaque catheter into a vein to study the heart great vessels.
- Used to confirm diagnosis of heart disease and determine extent of disease, measure pressures in the heart chamber and great vessels, obtain estimate of cardiac output, and obtain blood samples to measure oxygen content.
a. Right heart catheterization – catheter is inserted through a cut-down in the antecubital vein into the superior vena cava, through the right atrium and ventricle and into the pulmonary activity.
b. Left-heart catheterization- catheter maybe passed retrograde to the left ventricle through the brachial and femoral artery, it can be passed through the left atrium after right-heart catherization by means of a special needle that punctures the septa; or it may be passed directly into the left ventricle by means of a posterior puncture.

Specific nursing considerations:

Preprocedure patient teaching:
a. Fatigue is a common complaint due to lying still for 3 hr
b. Feeling of fluttery sensation while the catheter is passed back into the left ventricle
c. Flushed, warm feeling may occur when contrast medium is injected.

Postprocedure observations:
a. monitor ECG pattern for arrhythmias
b. check extremities for color and temperature, peripheral pulses for quality.

3. Angiography (Arteriography) – injection of a contrast medium in to the arteries to
study the vascular tree.
- Used to determine obstructions or narrowing of peripheral arteries.

B. Procedure to evaluate the respiratory system

Lung scan – injection of radioactive isotope into the body, followed by lung scintiscan, which produces a graphic record of gamma rays emitted by the isotopes in the tissues.
- used to determine lung perfusion when pulmonary emboli and infarctions are suspected.

Pulmonary angioghraphy – x – ray visualization of the pulmonary vasculature after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium.
- used to evaluate pulmonary disorders such as pulmonary embolism, lung tumor and aneurysms, and changes in the pulmonary vasculature due to such conditions as emphysema.

Bronchoscopy – introduction of a fiberoptic scope into the trachea and bronchi
- used to inspect tracheobronchial tree for pathological changes, remove foreign bodies or mucous plugs causing airway obstruction, and apply chemotherapeutic agents.
a. Prebronchoscopy interventions:
· oral hygiene
· postural drainage as indicated
b. Postbronchoscopy interventions:
· Instruct patient not to swallow oral secretions
· Save expectorated sputum for laboratory analysis
· NPO till gag reflex returns
· Observe for subcutaneous emphysema and dyspnea
· Apply ice collar to reduce throat discomfort

Thoracentesis – needle puncture through the chest wall and into the pleura
- used to remove fluid and occasionally air from the pleural space
- nursing considerations
a. position : high fowler’s position or sitting upon edge of the bed, with feet supported on the chair.
b. If the patient is unable to sit up – turn unto unaffected side






a. Position: high fowler’s position or sitting upon edge of the bed, with feet supported on the chair.
b. If the patient’ is unable to sit up-turn unto unaffected side

C. Procedures to evaluate the renal system
1. Renal angiogram – small catheter is inserted into the femoral artery and passed into the aorta or renal artery, radiopaque fluid is in stilled, and serial films are taken.
- Used to diagnose renal hypertension and pheochromocytoma and differentiate renal cyst from tumors.

Postangiogram nursing actions:

1. Check pedal pulse for signs of decreased circulation.

2. Cystoscopy – Visualization of bladder, urethra, and prostatic urethra by insertion of a
tubular, lighted, telescopic lens (cystoscope) through the urinary meatus.
- Used to directly inspect the bladder; collect urine from the renal pelvis; obtain biopsy specimens from bladder and urethra; remove calculi; and treat lesions in the bladder, urethra, and prostate.

Nursing actions following procedure:
· Observe for urinary retention
· Warm sitz baths to relieve discomfort
3. Renal biopsy – needle aspiration of tissue from the kidney for the purpose of
microscopic examination.

Procedures to evaluate the digestive system:
Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy – visualization of the esophagus, the stomach, and sometimes the duodenum by means of a lighted tube inserted through the mouth.

Proctoscopy – visualization of rectum and colon by means of a lighted tube inserted through the anus.

Peritoneoscopy – direct visualization of the liver and peritoneum by means of a peritoneoscope inserted through an abdominal stab wound.

Liver biospsy – needle aspiration of tissue for the purpose of microscopic examination; used to determine tissue changes, facilitate diagnosis, and provide information regarding a disease course.

Nursing action:
1. Place patient on right side and position pillow for pressure, to prevent bleeding.

5. Paracentesis – needle aspiration of fluid from the peritoneal cavity used to relieve excess fluid accumulation or for diagnostic studies.
a. Specific nursing actions before paracentesis:
a. Have patient void - to prevent possible injury to bladder during procedure
b. Position – sitting up on side of bed, with feet supported by chair.
c. Check vital signs and peripheral circulation frequently throughout procedure
d. Observe for signs of hypovolemic shock – may occur due to fluid shift from vascular compartment following removal of protein – rich ascitic fluid.

b. Specific nursing actions following paracentesis:
a. Apply pressure to injection site and cover with sterile dressing.
b. Measure and record amount and color of ascitic fluid; send specimens to lab for diagnostic studies.

D. Procedures to evaluate the reproductive system in women
1. Culdoscopy – surgical procedure in which a culdoscope is inserted into the posterior vaginal cul-de-sac
- Used to visualize uterus, fallopian tube, and peritoneal contents.

2. Breast biopsy – needle aspiration or incisional removal of breast tissue for microscopic examination.
- used to differentiate among benign tumors, cysts, and malignant tumor in the breast.

3. Uterotubal insufflation (Rubin’s Test) – injection of carbon dioxide into the cervical canal.
- Used to determin fallopian tube patency

E. Procedure to evaluate the neuroendocrine system

1. Cerebral angiography – fluoroscopic visualization of the brain vasculature after injection of a contrast medium into the carotid or vertebral arteries
- used to localize lesions (tumors, abscesses, and occlusions) that are large enough to distort cerebrovascular blood flow.
2. Myelogram – through a lumbar-puncture needle, a contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to visualize the spinal cord.
- Used to detect herniated or ruptured intervertebral disks, tumors and cysts that compress or distort spinal cord.


Nursing consideration:
· Elevate head of bed = with water soluble contrast
· Flat position – with oil contrast
· V/s every 4 hr for 24 hr.

3. Lumbar puncture – puncture of the lumbar subarachnoid space of the spinal cordwith a needle to withdraw samples of cerebrospinal fluid.
- Used to evaluate CSF for infections and determine presence of hemorrhage.

Note: not done if increased ICP is suspected


Position: Before : fetal position / knee chest position
After : flat or supine




Test
Indication
Antigen skin
Test to rule-out cancer of the lungs
Benedict’s test
For glucose monitoring
Bentonite Flacculation Test
Test for filariasis
Beutler’s test
Test for galactosemia
Blanching test
Determines the impairment in circulation
Bronsulpthalein test
Liver angiography
Caloric test
Test done by placing water in the ear canal causes nystagmus. A test for inner ear
CD4 determination
Checking the immune status to AIDS patient
Cerebral perfusion test
Test used to check the cerebral function
Coomb’s test
Determines the production of the antibodies. RhoGAM is given (1st 72 hours)
CPK BB
Test for brain muscles
CPK MB
Test for cardiac muscles: for MI
CPK MM
Test for muscle injury
Dark field illumination test and kalm test
Determination for the presence of syphilis
Dick test
Detect scarlet fever
Dull’s eye test
Determines the presence of blindness. Done in 1st ten days (+) normal (-) abnormal
ELISA test
Determines presence of HIV
Gram staining and Culture of cervical and urethral smear
Determination for the presence of gonorrhea
Gross hearing test
Test used by whispering words or spoken voice test
Guthrie test
Test for PKU
Heat and Acetic acid test
For protein or albumin detection
Immunochromatographic test
A rapid assessment method done for filariasis. The antigen test that can be done at daytime
Jones Criteria
One way of diagnosing Rheumatic heart fever
Lepronin test
A screening test for leprosy
Liver enzyme test
For SGOT and SGPT
Liver profile test
Determines Hepa-b surface antigen
Lumbar puncture
Determines for the presence of meningitis and encephalitis. Position the patient in side lying position
Malaria smear
Test to confirm malaria; specimen is taken at the height or peak of fever
Mantoux test
Determination for TB exposure
Meniere’s test
Test for vestibular function
Methylene blue test
For ketone detection
Moloney test
Hypersensitivity test for Diphtheria
Oxytocin challege test
Determines if the fetus can tolerate uterine contraction; (+) CS is necessary
Pandy’s test
Determines the presence of protein in the CSF
Phenosulpthalein test
Kidney angiogram
Queckkenstedt’s test
Test that involve the compression of jugular veins
Rectal swab
Done in patient with cholera, pinworm detection
Rinne Test
Shifted between mastoid bone and two inches from the ear canal opening
Romberg’s test
Assess gait and station such as ataxia
Schick test
Susceptibility test for diphtheria (+) no immunity (-) with immunity
Schiller’s test
Staining the cervix with an iodine solution. Healthy tissues will turn brown, while cancerous tissue resist the stain
Schilling test
Used to patient with severe chilling sensation; for confirmation of pernicious anemia
Schwabach test
Differentiate between conductive and sensorineural deafness, mastoid of patient and examiner
Shake test
Determines the amount of surfactant in the lungs.
Skin test
Purpose it to produce antigen reaction
Slit skin smear
A confirmatory test for leprosy
Specific gravity test
For diabetes mellitus and insipidus as well as for dehydration
Sperm count test
For male infertility (low sperm count-oversex)
Sputum exam
For defection and sensitivity of causative microorganism, for pneumonia and TB
Sulkowitch test
Urine test detection for calcium deficiency and calcium in the urine
Sweat chloride test
Used to diagnosed cystic fibrosis
Tensilon (Endophonium) test
For rapid detection of myasthenia gravis
Tonometer
Test used to measure ocular tension and helping in detecting early glaucoma N=12-20 mmHg
Torniquet test
Done to determine presence of petechiae in Dengue Hemorrhagic fever
TZANK test
Determination for the presence of herpes simplex
Weber test
Evaluation of bone conduction. Tuning fork is placed on patient’s forehead or teeth
Wedal’s Test
For typhoid fever determination
Western blot test
A confirmatory for AIDS


Arterial Blood Gases
Type
Causes
Manifestations
Management
Respiratory Acidosis
pH<7.35;
PaCO2>45
. COPD
. Respiratory
. Overdose
. Atelectasis
. Pulmonary edema
. Aspiration
. Weakness
. Tachycardia
. Decreased LOC
. Headache
. Assess VS
. Monitor
. ABG
. CPT
. TCDB
Respiratory
Alkalosis
pH>7.45;
PaCO2<35
. Hyperventilation
. Anxiety
. Pain
. Ventilators
. Lightheadedness
. Ringing of the
ears
. Tingling
. Slow
breathing
. Paper bag

Metabolic
Acidosis
pH<7.35;
HCO3,22
. DKA
. Diarrhea
. ASA poisoning
. Renal failure
. Headache
. N/V
. Kussmaul
respiration
. Dysrhythmias
. Administer sodium
bicarbonate
. Monitor I/O
. Use seizure
precautions
Metabolic
Alkalosis
PH>7.45;
HCO3>26
. Vomiting
. NGT
. Diuretics and
Antacids
. Tingling
. Dizziness
. Bradypnea
. Monitor VS
. I/O
. ABG

Remember : Respiratory Opposite; Metabolic Equal
Facts : pH = 7.35 – 7.45 PCO2 = 34 – 45 HCO3=22-26